“A century years of Dunaliella research: 1905-2005.” Saline Systems, 2005. Web. Web. Dunaliella salina,the English name Dunaliella salina,was from 3.8 billion years ago. They belong to the category of halophiles. 13. Glycerol is a compatible solute in which not only contributes to osmotic balance of the cell but also maintains enzyme activity (Brown as stated in Oren[1]). [5][6][7] Different technologies are used, from low-tech extensive cultivation in lagoons to intensive cultivation at high cell densities under carefully controlled conditions. DOI: 10.5772/19046. Chen BJ, Chi CH. 2 It is often referred to as a halophile (literally, “salt-loving”) alga because it grows only in high-salt … Known for its anti-oxidant activity because of its ability to create large amount of carotenoids, it is used in cosmetics … Lives in environments with a … Though D. salina can survive in salinic environments, Martinez et al. Dunaliella Salina is a genus of the algae family Dunaliellaceae. Today, the algae is being studied for various health benefits. Cancer: Ingredients linked to cancer in government, … Osmotic stress affects enzyme activity of key enzymes of the glycerol metabolic pathway: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase, dihydroxyacetone reductase, and dihydroxyacetone kinase[15]. In simple terms, it means, these … Rejuvenal healthy aging, n.d. D. Salina is a unicellular biflagellate red-coloured alga which synthesises massive amounts of carotenoid pigments, colouring the cells a very bright red. What makes it so special is that it actually thrives in harsh … determined that sexual activity of D. salina significantly decreases in higher salt concentrations (>10%) and is induced in lower salt concentrations. He initially named the organism Haematococcus salinus and Protococcus. (Tsarenko, P.M., Wasser, S.P. Borowitzka, M.J. & Siva, C.J. This offers an opportunity for commercial biological production of these substance. [9] found that both genomes are highly occupied with introns: mitochondrial DNA (58%) and plastid DNA (65.5%). It provides a range of trace minerals and nutrients. Dunaliella salina are found in high salinity environments such as salted brines, salt evaporation ponds, and hypersaline lakes [7]. Glycerol is produced through two metabolic processes: intracellular synthesis through a photosynthetic product and metabolism of starch in the cell [15]. Thus, while D. salina live in high salt concentrations, they maintain a relatively low concentration of sodium inside [15]. & Nevo, E. Eds), pp. This page was last edited on 27 October 2020, at 17:06. 152–157. Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green alga found in environments with high salt concentration [1]. Massjuk, N.P. (2007). Martinez et al. Dunaliella salina is a genus of one-celled green microalgae first discovered in 1838 in southern France. Low salt concentrations of 2% and 5% induced sexual activity, whereas higher salt concentration of 30% decreases sexual reproduction[10]. Hydrobiologia. are motile, unicellular, rod to ovoid shaped green algae, which are common in marine (salient) waters. Tammam A., Fakhry E. and El-Sheekh M. “Effect of salt stress on antioxidant system and the metabolism of the reactive oxygen species in Dunaliella saline and Dunaliella tertiolecta.” African Dunaliella sp. These enzymes regulate glycerol requirements of the cell by responding to osmotic stresses. β-carotene also contributes to the anti-oxidant effects of D. salina[11] and is used as an additive in human and animal nutrition for sources of vitamin A [3]. Just like other forms of algae, it is an aquatic organism that grows in salt water. doi: 10.1007/BF00027649. D. salina has adapted to survive in high salinity environments by accumulating glycerol to balance osmotic pressure. In addition, the role of glycerol in D. salina as a key organic compatible solute has been used as a research model [1]. 1964;42:777–778. [3] studied the effects of salinity to maximize β-carotene production and found carotenoid concentration increases with increasing salinity. Dunaliella is a unicellular, bi-flagellate, naked green alga (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae). Known for its antioxidant activity because of its ability to create large amount of carotenoids, it is used in cosmetics … Smith D., Lee R., Cushman J., Magnuson J., Tran D. and Polle J.” The Dunaliella salina organelle genomes: large sequences, inflated with intronic and intergenic DNA.” BMA Plant Biology, 2010. Journal of Biotechnology, 2011. Dunaliella salina extract is also a natural source of vitamin B12. In addition, Smith et al. Dunaliella salina is a model organism to study the effects of saline adaptation in algae. The genus was first described by Teodoresco (Teodoresco, 1905) with the type of species being Dunaliella salina, and … 3. Dunaliella Salina. Arch f Protistenkd. Lerche W. Untersuchungen über Entwicklung und Fortpflanzung in der Gattung Dunaliella. Dunaliella Salinais a green algae best known for turning lakes red around the world. In: Algae of Ukraine: diversity, nomenclature, taxonomy, ecology and geography. "A hundred years of Dunaliella research: 1905-2005", MicrobeWiki reference on Dunaliella salina, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunaliella_salina&oldid=985733698, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 17. Michel Felix Dunal first discovered "D. salina" in 1838 in the south of France occupying; however, it was not named until 1905 by Teodoresco [1]. [8], Due to the abundance of β-carotene, which is an anti-oxidant as well as a vitamin A precursor, D. salina is a popular pro-vitamin A food supplement and cosmetic additive. The sequencing of Dunaliella species is important to isolate different species for commercial purposes. 14. It can be used to boost your protection against UV damage and increase … Dunaliella salina is rich in beta carotenoid, which is a provitamin A, a precursor to vitamin A. It is a whole food supplement. “Optimization of salt concentrations for a higher carotenoid production in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae).” Phycological Society The β-carotene appears to protect the organism from long-term UV radiation that D. salina is exposed to in its typical environments. 12. When applied on skin it can reverse any ongoing oxidative damage to the … Wengmann K. “Osmotic Regulation of photosynthetic Glycerol Production in Dunaliella.” Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1971. It is mostly a marine organism, though there … Craigie JS, McLachlan J. Glycerol as a photosynthetic product in Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher. The safety evaluation of Dunaliella bardawil as a potential food supplement. Glycerol synthesis from starch is regulated through osmotic changes as shown in Figure 5. Although technically the production of glycerol from D. salina was shown to be possible, economic feasibility is low and no biotechnological operation exists to exploit the alga for glycerol production.[12]. Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile green micro-algae (phytoplankton) especially found in sea salt fields. Tawan Chatsungnoen, Yusuf Chisti, in Biofuels from Algae (Second Edition), 2019. Dunaliella salina was thought to be responsible for the red colouring of salted brines [1]. 9. Zhao, R., Cao, Y., Xu, H., Lv, L., Qiao, D. & Cao, Y. Annu Rev Microbiol. It acts as a powerful antioxidant for skin. Ben-Amotz A, Avron M. The biotechnology of mass culturing. Dunaliella salina is a microalga in the green algae family. High extracellular salt concentration drives the synthesis of glucose. [3] Sexual reproduction begins when two D. salina’s flagella touch leading to gamete fusion. “Comparative Analysis on the Key Enzymes of the Glycerol Cycle Metabolic Pathway in Dunaliella salina under Osmotic Stresses.” PLoS ONE, 2012, DOI: Known for its antioxidant activity because of its ability to create large amount of carotenoids, it is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. Journal of Applied Phycology 19: 567-590. Few organisms can survive like D. salina does in such highly saline conditions as salt evaporation ponds. The D. salina organelle genome sequence are circular and large with approximately 60% non-coding DNA [9]. 1937; 88:236–268. [10], D. salina lacks a rigid cell wall, which makes the organism susceptible to osmotic pressure. β-carotene is a type of pro-vitamin A, responsible for inhibiting the production of free radicals from ultraviolet light [3]. Journal of Alloys and In order to maximize β-carotene production, D. salina should be grown in 1.5M to 3.0 M NaCl concentration until a stable cell density is reached then increased to 4.4 – 5.0 M NaCl concentration for maximum carotenoid production [3]. Dunaliella salina is a model organism to study the effects of saline adaptation in algae [1]. Rejuvenal healthy aging, n.d. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.000523. They are contained in the chloroplasts in lipid globules[9]. Dunaliella has two flagella of equal length and has a single cup-like chloroplast that often contains a central pyrenoid. Martinez G., Cifuentes A., Gonzalez M. and Parra O. Dunaliella Salinais a green micro-algae typically found in sea salt fields around the world. Can J Bot. The cell membrane of D. salina has low permeability to glycerol to prevent glycerol from leaving the cell [13], accounting for the high concentration inside the cell. This combination offers potential in biotechnological applications for the purpose of commercial products such as lipstick due to β-carotene production [4]. Food Chem Toxicol. Due to its ability to produce red pigmentation, β-carotene, the natural food colouring is highly demanded for cosmetic products[1]. It possesses Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Photoprotection, Antiproliferative … The mitochondrial and plastid genome contains 28.3 (12 genes) and 269 kb (102 genes) respectively [9]. Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile pink micro-algae especially found in sea salt fields. [11] D. salina preserves a high concentration of glycerol by maintaining a cell membrane with low permeability to glycerol and synthesizing large quantities of glycerol from starch as a response to high extracellular salt concentration, which is why it tends to thrive in highly salinic environments. Different technologies are used, … [8] sequenced five species of Dunaliella using their 18S ribosomal RNA genes. In addition, the role of glycerol in D. salina as a key organic compatible solute has been used as a … utilizing the 18S rDNA gene.” Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2000. Thus, Dunaliella salina is a hyper-halotolerant organism found in high densities in saline lakes. The taxonomy of the genus Dunaliella (Chlorophyta, Dunaliellales) with emphasis on the marine and halophilic species. The ability to tolerate high salt concentrations is advantageous, since competition is minimal as salt high salt concentrations. 1. Johnson et al. Ben-Amotz A. Glycerol, β-carotene and dry algal meal production by commercial cultivation of Dunaliella. Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella bardawil are the most important species for β-carotene production; however, other pigments and compounds like lutein, chlorophyll, glycerol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are also produced by these and other Dunaliella … D. salina comes in various shapes and symmetries depending on the conditions in its current environment. [9] D. salina may also be a source of vitamin B12. However, carotenoids responsible for the red colouration in D. salina are found in algal chloroplasts, whereas halophilic archaea also occupying hypersaline lakes have red pigments dispersed throughout the cell membrane [2]. Known for its antioxidant activity because of its ability to create large amount of carotenoids, it is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. To survive, these organisms have high concentrations of β-carotene to protect against the intense light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic press… Mixed Carotenoids. Dunaliella salina was named by Emanoil C. Teodoresco of Bucharest, Romania after its original discoverer, Michel Felix Dunal, who first scientifically reported sighting the organism in saltern evaporation ponds in Montpellier, France in 1838. Brock T. “Salinity and the Ecology of Dunaliella from Great Salt Lake.” Journal of General Microbiology, 1975. [2], D. salina can reproduce asexually through division of motile vegetative cells and sexually through the fusion of two equal gametes into a singular zygote. 1981;23:1267–1287. Cancer . Teodoresco was the first to publish his work, so he is generally given credit for this categorization. What is Dunaliella salina? of America, 2011. , 6. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1980. pp. 1984;116/117:115–121. Oren A. and Rodriguez-Valera F. “The contribution of halophilic Bacteria to the red coloration of saltern crystallizer ponds.” FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2001. Journal of Phycology 47(6): 1454-1460. Web. Therefore, D. salina has a much less overall impact to colouration and archaeal communities contribute more to the red colouration of hypersaline lakes. Gantner Verlag K.-G.. Mixed Carotenoids. Studies have found that Dunaliella salina … Few organisms can survive like D. salina does in such highly saline conditions as salt evaporation ponds. doi: 10.1002/bit.260230608. Farhat et al. Dunaliella salina is nature's richest source of natural beta-carotene, each gram contains around10-20mg of beta-carotene, plus other carotenoids and nutrients.Research shows that natural dietary beta … To survive, these organisms have high concentrations of β-carotene to protect against the intense light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic pressure. Gimmler H. and Hartung W. “Low Permeability of the Plasma Membrane of Dunaliella parva for Solutes.” Journal of Plant Physiology, 1988. Chen H., Lu Y. and Jiang J. DOI: 10.1016/S0176-1617(88)80132-9. Attempts have been made to exploit the high concentrations of glycerol accumulated by D. salina as the basis for the commercial production of this compound. References for this information: Pharmaceutical Biology, October 2016, pages 2,269-2,275 Journal of Food Science and Technology, … Olmos J., Paniagua J. and Contreras R. “Molecular identification of Dunaliella sp. 11. Dunaliella salina is a safe and potent source of natural beta-carotene and suitable for all types of skin disorders and inflammation. But don’t let its pedigree fool you--this little alga is bright pink! D. salina is also adapted to solar radiation using β-carotene to protect against ionizing energy. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-83. DUNALIELLA SALINA EXTRACT and EXTRACT OF DUNALIELLA SALINA. However, despite the positive contributions of D. salina, commercial production is limited due to the low productivity of β-carotene [3]. [10] determined the sexual activity of "D. salina" from evaluating ratio of zygotes and zygospores to total cells observed in culture. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01036.x, 4. Schilipaulis L. “The Extensive Commercial Cultivation of Dunaliella.” Bioresource Technology, 1991. Skin Nourishment and moisturizing Dunaliella Salina contains effective mineral high concentration of … Shariati M., Hadi M.R. 2. Sexual reproduction, the formation of two gametes into a zygospore, is affected by salt concentrations[1]. Compounds, 2010, DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.028. What is Dunaliella Salina? Dunaliella salina is a type of one-celled green microalgae which was first discovered in 1838 in Southern France. The GC content of "D. salina" is relatively low compared to other Chlamydomonadales at 34.4% for mitochondrial DNA and 32.1% for plastid DNA[9]. 22 Nov 2012. 8. Dunaliella salina can reproduce asexually, sexually and through division of motile vegetative cells[1]. 22 Nov 2012. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-83. This natural beta-carotene offers a number of unique … Dunaliella Salina Powder is known as the "power source of cells" and "protective agent of life" by the world scientific community due to its rich and unique life nutrient elements. Ruggell: A.R.A. (2011). Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile green micro-algae especially found in sea salt fields. Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile green micro-algae especially found in sea salt fields. Johnson M., Johnson E., MacElroy R., Speer H. and Bruff B. & Lilitska, G.G. 6.3.2 Spacing between electrodes. Oren A. DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.2392. Borowitzka LJ, Borowitzka MA, Moulton TP. [14] found that high salt concentration inside cells decrease enzymatic activity. Eukaryota (Domain); Viridiplantae (Kingdom); Chlorophyta (Phylum); Chlorophyceae (Class); Volvocales (Order); Dunaliellaceae (Family); Dunaliella (Genus). 7. Distance between the electrodes in an electrolytic unit is an important design variable that affects the cost of operation [94].In harvesting of Dunaliella salina … DOI: 10.1016/0960-8524(91)90162-D, 5. Dunaliella is known for its antioxidant activity … “Microalgal Biotechnology and Bioenergy in Dunaliella” Biomedical Engineering, 2011. [1], Species in the genus Dunaliella are morphogically similar to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the main exception being that Dunaliella lack both a cell wall and a contractile vacuole. Glycerol is used as a means by which to maintain both osmotic balance and enzymatic activity. (2011). Kumudha A, Sarada R. Characterization of vitamin B12 in. Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile green micro-algae especially found in sea salt fields. Dunaliellales. The mass culture of Dunaliella for fine chemicals: from laboratory to pilot plant. Dunaliella is a single-celled, photosynthetic green alga, that is characteristic for its ability to outcompete other organisms and thrive in hypersaline environments. Dunaliella salina It’s an halophile microalga that grow in high salt concentrations, this fact reduces drastically the possibilities that pathogenic microorganisms can grow up. Chen H., Lu Y. and Jiang J. Although there is a much greater abundance of D. salina, the red pigments on the cell membrane of archaea are more visibly accessible. Process development and evaluation for algal glycerol production. Heakal F., Hefny M., El-Tawab A., “Electrochemical behaviour of 340L stainless steel in high saline and sulphate solutions containing alga Dunaliella salina and β-carotene. 603–610. “Effect of salinity on sexual activity of Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco, strain CONC-006.” Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 1995. Dunaliella salina is a special type of microalga. Biotechnol Bioengin. Farahat N., Rabhi M., Falleh H., Jouini J., Abdelly C. and Smaoui A. Betatene ® is a naturally sourced beta-carotene derived from algae (Dunaliella salina) and part of the broad beta-carotene product range BASF offers. Among various carotenoid-rich microalgae, D. salina has the greatest carotene concentration making up ~10% algal dry weight[6]. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, http://blog.recoverye21.com/dunaliella-salina/, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dunaliella_salina&oldid=142865. Volume 3: Chlorophyta. Olmos et al. So pink, in fact, that it makes this salt lake in western Australia look like it’s made of … It is a single-celled eukaryotic … Ben-Amotz A, Avron M. Accumulation of metabolites by halotolerant algae and its industrial potential. Dunaliella Salina is a micro algae species. 22 Nov. 2012. Mokady S, Abramovici A, Cogau U. This page was last edited on 7 June 2020, at 19:54. “Effects of Salts on Halophilic Alga Dunaliella viridis.” Journal of Bacteriology, 1968. In: Shelef G, Soeder CJ, editor. Dunaliella Salina Powder is obtained by Dunaliella salina through multiple processings. 1983;37:95–119. “Comparative Analysis on the Key Enzymes of the Glycerol Cycle Metabolic Pathway in Dunaliella salina under Osmotic Stresses.” PLoS ONE, 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037578. The organism was fully described as a new, separate genus simultaneously by Teodoresco and Clara Hamburger of Heidelberg, Germany in 1905. It produces a distinct pink and red colour often characteristic of saltern ponds [2]. [4], From a first pilot plant for D. salina cultivation for β-carotene production established in the USSR in 1966, the commercial cultivation of D. salina for the production of β-carotene throughout the world is now one of the success stories of halophile biotechnology. Dunaliella species are able to tolerate varying NaCl concentrations, ranging from 0.2% to approximately 35% [3]. Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green alga of the genus and was studied since the early 19th century, and numerous species were characterized and classified since then. 1989;27:221–6. 10.1371/journal.pone.0037578, 16. After germination, the zygotes release up to 32 haploid daughter cells. n.d. 15. Michel Felix Dunal first discovered "D. … What is Dunaliella? [9] studied the mitochondrial and plastid genome of D. salina. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the green alga Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta). Dunaliella salina is famous for much more than causing the waters of Las Coloradas's salt-ponds to turn pink: The alga is grown commercially as a source of beta-carotene. Clara Hamburger of Heidelberg, Germany in 1905 Bioresource Technology, 1991 is exposed in... Production of these substance ecology of Dunaliella using their 18S ribosomal RNA genes approximately %... 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Smaoui what is dunaliella salina, is affected by salt concentrations is advantageous, since is! From the green algae family radicals from ultraviolet light [ 3 ] Sexual reproduction begins when D.. ( 91 ) 90162-D, 5, despite the positive contributions of D. salina may also be a source vitamin! Balance and enzymatic activity being studied for various health benefits ecology of Dunaliella for fine chemicals: from to...